Millennium Development Goal #1 is to halve extreme poverty ($1/day per person) and hunger. Progress toward this goal … health, malnutrition and ultra-poverty are mutually reinforcing states that add to the challenge of addressing any one of … of the ultra-poor. The causal mechanisms underpinning the poverty trap in which ultra-poor, unhealthy and undernourished …

We investigate the interactions between natural resource-based poverty traps and food security for smallholder farms in … characterize persistent poverty and food insecurity among smallholders in rural highland Kenya. We examine the effects of changing …