. The paper identifies conditions under which outsourcing to a low-wage country is a "friend" or an "enemy" to domestic …

fragmentation may cause a domestic welfare loss, because outsourcing takes place in discrete steps where it affords firms "quasi … process of fragmentation caused by less costly outsourcing is beneficial for the domestic economy. …

International fragmentation, or outsourcing, is often referred to as a distinctly novel feature in today's global … outsourcing targets for western European firms. Against this background this paper provides a policy-oriented discussion of cross … European point of view. Specifically, the paper idetifies conditions under which outsourcing is beneficial for a western …

outsourcing, or international fragmentation. Economists have investigated this phenomenon with a focus on welfare and factor price … welfare efect of outsourcing. Moreover, the paper highlights a crucial distinction between outsourcing that takes place in an … firms must rely on arms-length trasactions. The results are as follows. a) With foreign direct investment, outsourcing which …