factors underlying historical fertility limitation, the role of parental education has received little attention. We combine … negative residual effect of women’s education on fertility. Instrumental-variable estimates, using exogenous variation in women …'s education driven by differences in landownership inequality, suggest that the effect of women’s education on fertility is causal. …

factors underlying historical fertility limitation, the role of parental education has received little attention. We combine … negative residual effect of women's education on fertility. Instrumental-variable estimates, using exogenous variation in women …'s education driven by differences in landownership inequality, suggest that the effect of women's education on fertility is causal. …

factors underlying historical fertility limitation, the role of parental education has received little attention. We combine … negative residual effect of women's education on fertility. Instrumental-variable estimates, using exogenous variation in women …'s education driven by differences in landownership inequality, suggest that the effect of women's education on fertility is causal. …

factors underlying historical fertility limitation, the role of parental education has received little attention. We combine … negative residual effect of women's education on fertility. Instrumental-variable estimates, using exogenous variation in women …'s education driven by differences in landownership inequality, suggest that the effect of women's education on fertility is causal …

factors underlying historical fertility limitation, the role of parental education has received little attention. We combine … negative residual effect of women's education on fertility. Instrumental‐variable estimates, using exogenous variation in women …'s education driven by differences in landownership inequality, suggest that the effect of women's education on fertility is causal …

This paper investigates Becker, Hornung and Woessmann's recent claim that education had an important causal effect on … problems, notably the omission of relevant variables which leads to serious bias in the estimated effect of education. When … these problems are corrected, the conclusions of Becker, Hornung and Woessmann no longer hold. Education did not play an …