societies. Adopting a double-generation perspective, we investigate the causal impact of this care mode on children's health …-specific effects, taking into account counterfactual care modes. Our results suggest null or negative effects on children's outcomes …: If children three years and older are in full-time daycare or school and, in addition, cared for by grandparents, they …

This paper investigates the impact of parenting courses on families' time use with their children in urban areas in … course increased families' awareness of the importance of educational activities for children, reading often to the children …

children. As our main result, we provide causal evidence on the effect of the social environment by randomly enrolling children … in a year-long mentoring programme. We find that, about four years after the end of the programme, mentored children are …