This paper presents theoretical and empirical analyses of strategic responses to competition from low-cost countries (LCCs). Surveying 423 firms in the U.S. and Germany, we consider the nature of low-cost competition and strategic responses by advanced market incumbents. The theoretical...

Partnering with the Census we implement a new survey of "structured" management practices in 32,000 US manufacturing plants. We find an enormous dispersion of management practices across plants, with 40% of this variation across plants within the same firm. This management variation accounts for...