The costs of import substitution (IS) as a strategy for industrialization, which was deemed synonymous with economic development by many development economists of the fifties and sixties, were shown to be substantial in the influential and nuanced studies of the seventies and eighties under the...

Lecture 1. Confronting conventional threats to free trade: the postwar revolution in the theory of commercial policy -- Lecture 2. "Fair trade," income distribution, and social agendas: using trade theory to meet new challenges -- Lecture 3. Getting to free trade: alternative approaches and...