fetuses. We investigate their impact on son-biased fertility stopping behavior, parental investments in girls relative to boys …, and the relative chances of girls surviving after birth. We find a moderation of son-biased fertility, erosion of gender …

health and women's earnings following IVF birth, along-side an increase in subsequent fertility. We provide the first …

fertility on parental investments and on women's labour supply that use twin births to instrument fertility will tend to be …

, reducing hospitalization costs and the foregone income of mothers and improving the long-run socioeconomic outcomes of children …

Twin births are often used to instrument fertility to address (negative) selection of women into fertility. However …, twin-IV estimates will tend to be upward biased. This is pertinent given the emerging consensus that fertility has limited … impacts on women's labour supply, or on investments in children. Using data for developing countries and the United States, we …

instrument fertility will under-estimate impacts of fertility on parental investments and women's labour supply. This is …