mechanisms finds a narrowing of gender gaps in parental investments in children, moderation of son-biased fertility stopping, and … shrinking of the gap between actual and desired fertility. Heterogeneity in fertility responses suggests a shift in the …

fetuses. We investigate their impact on son-biased fertility stopping behavior, parental investments in girls relative to boys …, and the relative chances of girls surviving after birth. We find a moderation of son-biased fertility, erosion of gender …

instrument fertility will under-estimate impacts of fertility on parental investments and women's labour supply. This is …

and poorer countries, evident even among women who do not use IVF, and hold for numerous different measures of health. We … implies that estimates of impacts of fertility on parental investments and on women's labour supply that use twin births to … for 17 million births in 72 countries, we demonstrate that indicators of mother's health and health-related behaviours are …

Twin births are often used to instrument fertility to address (negative) selection of women into fertility. However … recent work shows positive selection of women into twin birth. Thus, while OLS estimates will tend to be downward biased …, twin-IV estimates will tend to be upward biased. This is pertinent given the emerging consensus that fertility has limited …