Does monetizing a deficit result in a higher or a lower rate of inflation than does bond financing the same deficit? Sargent and Wallace (1981) produced conditions under which bond finance leads to a higher rate of inflation than deficit monetization ("unpleasant monetarist arithmetic'')....

We consider an otherwise conventional monetary growth model in which spatial separation and limited communication create a transactions role for currency, and stochastic relocation gives rise to financial intermediaries. In this framework we consider how changes in fiscal and monetary policy,...

Most monetary growth models have a relatively simple structure. There are two assets, money and capital, and money is held either because it earns the same real return as capital, or because it is ascribed an advantage in transacting that is not explicitly modelled. Financial market institutions...