Ghersi and Hourcade (2006) proved that the impact of technical constraints (often derived from bottom-up models) may result in strong macroeconomic impacts. Therefore, the modeling choices of the representation of technical change in CGE models affect the evaluation of the cost of climate and...

Energy-Economy-Environment (E3) modelers have called to develop “hybrid” models that aim at reconciling bottom-up and top-down approaches (Hourcade et al. 2006) to overtake their respective limits: on the one hand, engineers focus on the fine representation of technologies but without taking...