In the 1970s, European unemployment started increasing. It increased further in the 1980s, to reach a plateau in the … 1990s. It is still high today, although the average unemployment rate hides a high degree of heterogeneity across countries …. The focus of researchers and policy makers was initially on the role of shocks. As unemployment remained high, the focus …

relations have experienced higher unemployment. This conclusion remains even after controlling for labor institutions …In countries where wages are primarily set by collective bargaining, the effects on unemployment of changes in the … relations. In this paper, we examine the role this quality of labor relations has played in the evolution of unemployment across …

strong distribution and dynamic effects. The transition may imply the decline of incumbent firms. Unemployment may increase …

for design of labor market policies and labor market institutions. Second, in this light, the paper analyzes the IMF …

theoretical and empirical literature on the design of labor market policies and institutions in advanced economies. We organize … invest in existing relations, is not that simple, and the design of labor market institutions faces delicate trade-offs. …

The recent European experience of high persistent unemployment has led to the development of theories of unemployment … hysteresis embodying the idea that the equilibrium unemployment rate depends on the history of the actual unemployment rate. This …

European unemployment is widely regarded as a problem of excessive real wages. This view as it is usually expressed …