approach, we find that union density is greatest, ceteris paribus, within establishments in areas of high unemployment …

(carrots) and restrictive (sticks) programs. We apply this to contrast regime and treatment effects on unemployment durations …, employment, and post-unemployment earnings using register data that contain PES and case-worker identifiers for about 130,000 job … seekers. The results show that "carrots" and "sticks" treatments prolong unemployment, but carrots increase earnings whereas …

selective extension of the potential duration of unemployment benefits. If social interactions are important, this policy change … affects entitled individuals not only directly, but also indirectly by altering the duration of unemployment in the reference …

Switzerland is a small country with rich cultural and geographic diversity. The Swiss unemployment rate is low, at only …, as well as a narrowing but persistent gender pay gap. Additionally, regional differences in unemployment are significant. …

) programs. We apply this to contrast regime and treatment effects on unemployment durations, employment, and postunemployment … intensive carrots and sticks regimes each reduce unemployment durations, but with carrots regimes this raises earnings whereas …