growth reducing in both Africa and Latin America, with the most striking changes taking place in Latin America. The bulk of … to which) structural change contributes to overall productivity growth. In countries with a relatively large share of … natural resources in exports, structural change has typically been growth reducing. Even though these "enclave" sectors …

This paper uses new statistical techniques and two new databases to reassess the relationship between economic growth …, independent influence on growth …

growth reducing in both Africa and Latin America, with the most striking changes taking place in Latin America. The bulk of … to which) structural change contributes to overall productivity growth. In countries with a relatively large share of … natural resources in exports, structural change has typically been growth reducing. Even though these "enclave" sectors …

) including the products and services which are illegal. We analyse the effects of these shocks on growth and capital stocks by … growth model. The shadow activity generally has a negative impact on productivity and the capital stock. But its effect on …-state growth rates in the two regions. An increase in illicit sector activity that is mainly expropriated by warlords leads to an …