. It suggests that the pay and employment experience of low skilled Americans is a poor counterfactual for assessing how …

International Adult Literacy Survey we find that employment of skilled to unskilled labour is unrelated to differences in skill … premium but that changes in relative employment are related to changes in relative wages raising the possibility of some … substitution behavior. Still, the differing dispersion of wages is not a major contributor to differences in employment rates. The …

wage of French women, but led to a sizable decline in their employment rate. In contrast, immigration had little impact on … the employment rate of men, but led to a sizable drop in the male wage. We show that the near-zero correlation between …

. It suggests that the pay and employment experience of low skilled Americans is a poor counterfactual for assessing how …