We analyze vertical structures where a regulated network operator serves n network users, and the network users compete in quantities for customers. We distinguish two cases: (i) none of the network users are related to the network operator (ownership unbundling), (ii) one of the network users...

We propose a model of the European gas market where the risk that Russian deliveries are interrupted is endogenized. While Russia's attempts to buy considerable parts of the European downstream industry have faced strong political opposition, we argue that Russian participation in the downstream...