for the United States but also with reference to the wider world. We establish the outlines of international integration a … century ago and analyze the institutional and informational impediments that prevented the late nineteenth century world from … achieving the same degree of integration as today. We conclude that the world today is different: commercial and financial …

trade reinforced each other before 1930, but that these effects did not persist after the Second World War. Financial … after 1945. We attribute the rising importance of trade in explaining growth to major post-World War II changes in tariffs …

trade reinforced each other before 1930, but that these effects did not persist after the Second World War. Financial … after 1945. We attribute the rising importance of trade in explaining growth to major post-World War II changes in tariffs …