, mechanically changing the average native wage in affected markets and biasing the estimated wage impact of immigration. We document … wage of French women, but led to a sizable decline in their employment rate. In contrast, immigration had little impact on … immigration and female wages arises partly because the native women who left the labor force had relatively low wages. Adjusting …

arrivals, can account for only a small portion of it. The upturn appears to have been caused in part by a shift in immigration …