, mechanically changing the average native wage in affected markets and biasing the estimated wage impact of immigration. We document … wage of French women, but led to a sizable decline in their employment rate. In contrast, immigration had little impact on … immigration and female wages arises partly because the native women who left the labor force had relatively low wages. Adjusting …

"Although economic theory predicts an inverse relation between relative wages and immigration-induced supply shifts, it … increase existing estimates of the wage impact of immigration"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site …

immigration may then raise the wage of many native-born workers. We examine the Ottaviano-Peri empirical exercise and show that …