This paper explores the effects of offshoring, technology and Chinese import competition on labor market polarization …, while the reallocation of employment away from less polarized industries towards more highly polarized industries also … outside of manufacturing, technological change and offshoring are the most relevant forces affecting within …

nation’s potential output. Boosting employment prospects is also critical, as the country will soon be ageing at a fast pace …. Despite long working hours, labour utilisation is only average due to structurally low employment rates, particularly at both … ends of the age spectrum, with some marked regional differences. The female employment rate is especially low, in part due …