Access and utilization of knowledge as in alliances drives firm performance. Prior studies pay heavy attention on knowledge absorption and knowledge transfer among firms, but less on the multifaceted and context dependent construct of mutual knowledge creation among firms in alliances. This...

Incentives to innovate is a central element of innovation theory. In the private-investment model, innovators privately fund innovation and then use intellectual property protection mechanisms to appropriate returns from these investments. In the collective-action model, public subsidy funds...