Regulation in Europe has rested heavily on the historic monopolist asymmetrically providing its competitors with access … to its own copper local loop. When the regulation of fibre loops was contemplated, the European Commission initially … proposed in 2008 that Next Generation Access (NGA) regulation should rely on good access to passive infrastructure, in order to …

how wholesale pricing regulation might affect this process; the introduction of differentiated wholesale remedies … interplay with access regulation. Using the recent economic literature, arguments and possible guidelines are proposed, which …