The paper reviews the different legal tools to regulate the personalised pricing and provide some policy recommendations in that regard. Section 1 provides a definition of the personalsied prices and analyses to which extend firms are currently personalising their practices. Section 2 deals with...

This paper studies three specific issues around the application of competition policy to big data. The first issue relates to market power assessment and analyses the power given by data control in the big data value chain. The second and third issues relate to abuse of dominance assessment and...

Across the world, regulators and policy makers are grappling with how to establish a competitive, safe and fair online environment that also safeguards users’ fundamental rights as citizens. Ahead of the European Commission’s Digital Markets Act (DMA), this book “Digital markets and online...

The Digital Markets Act (DMA) entered into force on 1 November 2022 and its rules will apply from 2 May 2023. The Commission should designate, for the first time, the gatekeepers subjected to the rules by September 2023 at the latest, and those platforms should comply with prohibitions and...