This chapter identifies a number of stylized facts regarding the evolving pattern of import protection associated with the global economic crisis of 2008-2009, with a special focus on developing countries. While the major G-20 member economies of the international trading system largely...

Two of the most important trade policy developments to take place since the 1980s are the expansion of preferential trade agreements and temporary trade barriers, such as antidumping, safeguards, and countervailing duties. Despite the empirical importance of preferential trade agreements and...

There is no consensus in the literature on trade agreements as to whether preferential liberalization leads to more or less multilateral liberalization. Research has focused mostly on tariff measures of import protection. We develop more comprehensive measures of trade policy that include the...

The Great Recession of 2008-9 imposed a negative shock on the global economy comparable to the 1930s Great Depression. Nevertheless, one fundamental distinction between the Great Depression and the Great Recession is that the 2008-9 global economic contraction did not result in a massive wave of...