Bown, Chad P.; Crowley, Meredith A. - 2012
percent of world GDP. We examine determinants of carefully constructed, bilateral measures of new import protection imposed at …, we find general evidence of a counter-cyclical relationship between macroeconomic shocks and new import protection … onset of the WTO in 1995 through 2008 suggests a significant change relative to the pre-WTO period; i.e., import protection …