decades, we find that the level of trade protection granted to an industry during a presidential term depends on its … protection, exploiting exogenous changes in the identity of swing states across terms and heterogeneous exposure to these …

macroeconomic fluctuations on import protection policies over 1988:Q1 - 2010:Q4. First, estimates on a pre-Great Recession sample of … substantial increases in antidumping and related forms of import protection: e.g., a 4 percent appreciation results in 60 - 90 … percent more products being subject to import protection. We also provide evidence of a previously overlooked result that …

percent of world GDP. We examine determinants of carefully constructed, bilateral measures of new import protection imposed at …, we find general evidence of a counter-cyclical relationship between macroeconomic shocks and new import protection … onset of the WTO in 1995 through 2008 suggests a significant change relative to the pre-WTO period; i.e., import protection …

. First, we identify, characterize, and categorize the major classes of disputes e.g., those affecting import protection …

retaliation, but saw no commensurate electoral gains from US tariff protection. The electoral losses were driven by retaliatory …

During the last decades, the United States has applied increasingly high trade protection against China. We combine … the effects of trade protection along supply chains. To deal with endogeneity concerns, we propose a new instrument for AD … protection, which combines exogenous variation in the political importance of industries with their historical experience in AD …