safeguard exceptions to unwind commitments to lower tariffs in the face of domestic political-economic pressure. We focus on the … import protection by including both its post-reform tariffs and its additional non-tariff barriers of antidumping and … these combined results as evidence that India unwound its commitment to reduce tariffs through use of antidumping and …

currently applied tariffs are "too high," the implication being that there are still tariff reductions out there for an … agreement like the WTO to facilitate. These three areas include applied tariffs for countries that are not members of the WTO …, applied tariffs for WTO members that are unbound, and applied tariffs for WTO members set in the presence of large amounts of …