Adam Smith recognized that there was a severe problem in all free market economies that no “Invisible Hand of the Market” could ever deal with effectively. Based on his readings of Plato (Socrates) and Aristotle, Smith explicitly identified a certain segment of upper income class individuals...

A. Hansen's gross error concerning J M Keynes's analysis in chapter 14 on pp. 180-181 of the General Theory in his A Guide to Keynes changed the course of economic thought and economic history for the worse due to the millions of economics students who, instead of reading the General Theory,...

Alan Greenspan's approach to dealing with the problem of uncertainty, as opposed to risk, appears to be extremely close to the approach advocated by J.M. Keynes himself in both the A Treatise on Probability (1921) and General Theory (1936). Greenspan provides an improved, general definition of...

Aristotle, followed by Augustine, Aquinas, and Adam Smith, recognized, to a lesser or greater degree, that the ownership and control of private property (wealth, money, riches) is an initial, necessary condition to be able to put one's self in a position to help others in need. A person is or...

Economists have been unable to comprehend the logical framework of Keynes’ A Treatise on Probability (1921) and General Theory (1936). This is due to their failure to read both works in their entirety. Instead, they concentrate on the first three chapters of Part I of the General Theory or the...

This paper concentrates on Keynes’s solution to a version of Boole’s Challenge Problem of 1851. The problem is solved by Keynes mathematically at the end of Chapter 15 of the A Treatise on Probability, 1921. A study of this problem demonstrates Keynes’s understanding of Boole’s technique...

Adam Smith’s version of Virtue Ethics can be traced directly back to Plato (Socrates) and Aristotle. Smith basically skipped Aquinas and Augustine because they were also Catholic theologians, as well as philosophers. Referencing them would not have been looked upon kindly by the Scottish...