We see industrialization in China the last 150 years as an ongoing process through which firms acquired and deepened … manufacturing capabilities. Two factors have been consistently important to this process: openness to the international economy and … seriously limit benefits. For a latecomer like China, modern industry initially finds its most success in more labor …

Beginning in the late 1970s, China's economy delivered the largest growth spurt in recorded history. Striking … "China miracle" that requires neither economic nor historical analysis. This overlooks deep institutional constraints arising … decentralized innovation. Historic legacies that shape political structures and individual behavior will continue to influence China …