We draw on two decades of historical data to analyze how regional labor markets in West Germany adjusted to one of the …, similar in magnitude to the refugee inflow that Germany is experiencing today, also reduce native income losses markedly but …

for Germany, the largest European immigration country, shows that more than 60% of the migrants are indeed repeat migrants …. The out-migration per year is low, about 10%. Migrants are more likely to leave again early after their arrival in Germany …, and when they have social and familial bonds in the home country, but less likely when they have a job in Germany and …

circular migration as it is manifested by the frequency of exits of migrants living in Germany, and by the number of years … Germany, the largest European immigration country, are indeed repeat migrants. The findings indicate that immigrants from … and to stay out of Germany for longer. Males exit more frequently than females but do not differ in the time spent out …

We draw on two decades of historical data to analyze how regional labor markets in West Germany adjusted to one of the …, similar in magnitude to the refugee inflow that Germany is experiencing today, also reduce native income losses markedly but …

ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe to West Germany after World War II as a natural experiment to study this question. A …