In a group of companies corporate income taxation is levied on basic earnings and then on dividends paid to holding companies. The entity of this taxation depends on the tax regime, so that income may be taxed twice, first in the hands of the subsidiaries, then in the next years in the hands of...

Firms which exhibit a dual or multiple class of shares structure are listed in the stock markets of numerous countries. Shares with superior voting rights usually sell at a premium. If a firm with at least two categories of outstanding shares issues new shares with the rights method, a wealth...