The value at risk measure attempts to summarize in a single number market value risk of a portfolio of financial assets …

uncertainty. The firm faces additional sources of uncertainty that are aggregated into a background risk. We show that the firm … always chooses its optimal debt-equity ratio to minimize the weighted average cost of capital, irrespective of the risk …. When the background risk is either additive or multiplicative, we provide reasonable restrictions on the firm's preferences …

The prospect theory is one of the most popular decision-making theories. It is based on the S-shaped utility function …, unlike the von Neumann and Morgenstern (NM) theory, which is based on the concave utility function. The S-shape brings in … mathematical challenges: simple extensions and generalizations of NM theory into the prospect theory cannot be frequently achieved …