This paper constructs an intertemporal model of the spot and forward markets for foreign exchange and shows that in equilibrium the forward market is unbiased, i.e., the forward rate is equal to the expected spot rate which will prevail in the market next period. This holds true as long as the...

We study the implications of the value at risk concept for the bank's optimum amount of equity capital under credit risk. The market value of loans is risky and lognormally distributed. We show that the required equity capital depends upon managerial and market factors. Furthermore, the bank's...

To explain the strategic dimension in pricing options, it will be helpful to go back to the heart of the idea behind the concept of an option: options open up the possibility to postpone current decisions to a future point of time. Because of this flexibility additional information and new...