Recent research suggests that much of the cross-firm variation in measured productivity is due to differences in use of … mediated through employee decision-making and effort. To the extent that these practices are complementary with workers' skills … longitudinal earnings records for their employees to study the relationship between productivity, management, worker ability, and …

productivity) is low. Secondly, our estimates of the effects of training on wages are about half the size of the effects on …There is a vast empirical literature of the effects of training on wages that are taken as an indirect measure of … productivity. This paper is part of a smaller literature on the effects of training on direct measures of industrial productivity …