Subsidy expenditures granted by the German federal layer decreased in the 2000 to 2004 period from €39.6 billion to €33.7 billion, measured according to a comprehensive definition of subsidies. In a narrower definition, figures accounted for about €2 billion below that level. From 2005...

If a wide definition of subsidies is used, the subsidies granted by the German Länder and their local authorities fell considerably from 65 billion euros in 2000 to (a projected) 61.3 billion euros in 2007. If a narrow definition is used, and arguable cases of subsidization are ignored, the...

We investigate whether working time is related to the intensity of income comparisons and relative income. Our simple theoretical model demonstrates that the effects of relative income concerns depend on whether an individual can choose contractual working hours and/or overtime. In the empirical...