Bank distress can have severe negative consequences for the stability of the financial system, the real economy, and … public finances. Regimes for restructuring and restoring banks financed by bank levies and fiscal backstops seek to reduce … these costs. Bank levies attempt to internalize systemic risk and increase the costs of leverage. This paper evaluates the …

Bank distress can have severe negative consequences for the stability of the financial system, the real economy, and … for public finances. Regimes for the restructuring and resolution of banks, financed by bank levies and fiscal backstops …, seek to reduce these costs. Bank levies attempt to internalize systemic risk and to increase the costs of leverage. This …

address the following questions. How are macroeconomic shocks transmitted to bank risk and other banking variables? What are … the sources of bank heterogeneity, and what explains differences in individual banks’ responses to macroeconomic shocks …? Our paper has two main findings: (i) Average bank risk declines, and average bank lending increases following expansionary …