The internalisation theory of the Multinational Enterprise (MNE) explains MNE decisions to make/buy and/or ally, based on market and intra-organisational (firm/hierarchy) transactions costs. The theory focused on a limited set of categories, actors and sources of transaction costs and has...

A great deal of attention has been paid to the performance of international joint ventures (IJVs) and trust has been recognised as a key factor influencing it. This paper examines the emergence of trust as a process and develops a process model of trust building in IJVs, which is used to analyse...

Infrastructural assets are vital for a country’s economic and social development. Governments typically provide the regulation and administration of these assets, while multinational enterprises (MNEs) develop, construct, finance, and operate them. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) promises...