Banking operations are being rewired around a pair of KVA/FVA metrics which quantify market incompleteness, i.e. the impossibility of perfect replication. The FVA is the cost of funding of debt liabilities while the KVA is the risk adjustment for equity liabilities, also called cost of capital....

In the aftermath of the 2007 global financial crisis, banks started reflecting into derivative pricing the cost of capital and collateral funding through XVA metrics. XVA is a catch-all acronym whereby X is replaced by a letter such as C for credit, D for debt, F for funding, K for capital and...