has a positive and significant effect on their investment levels. Our results are consistent with the theory that …

This paper examines the investment and financial decisions of a sample of 92 EU regulated utilities, taking into … independence matters for both investment and financial decisions. Investment increases under an Independent Regulatory Agency (IRA … privately controlled. Finally political orientation does matter, as firm investment increases under more conservative (pro …

investment on the new broadband technology by ~0.45% and ~0.47%. These effects are not homogeneous across countries and are …

incentives to invest in network infrastructure. To this end, we develop a theoretical model explaining investment incentives by …