. The two building blocks to understand Brexit are the economic history of the UK-EU relationship and the literature on the … the UK benefited from EU integration (trade, migration and FDI). Next it surveys the short-run effects of the vote and …

-crisis level of liberalization. In the EU sample, however, we do not find sufficient evidence to support these observations. …

European Union (EU), had successfully completed negotiations and fulfilled all accession requirements, taken membership in the … European Economic Area (with full access to the Single Market), but decided in a referendum to reject full-fledged EU … politically driven economic benefits from EU membership: if Norway had joined the EU in 1995, productivity levels between 1995 and …