This paper explores the impact of EU membership on foreign direct investment (FDI). It analyses empirically how the … gravity framework on annual bilateral FDI data for almost every country in the world, over 1985-2018, we find EU membership … leads FDI into the host economy to be about 60% higher for investment from outside the EU, and around 50% higher for intra-EU …

-crisis level of liberalization. In the EU sample, however, we do not find sufficient evidence to support these observations. …