The paper provides an overview of the development of public procurement (PP) rules in the EU and in selected … international organisations. The EU rules were originally designed to foster competition and efficiency, and the dominant award … criterion was the price. Over time, and in particular in the context of the "EU 2020" strategy, PP rules have been extended to …

This paper explores the impact of EU membership on foreign direct investment (FDI). It analyses empirically how the … gravity framework on annual bilateral FDI data for almost every country in the world, over 1985-2018, we find EU membership … leads FDI into the host economy to be about 60% higher for investment from outside the EU, and around 50% higher for intra-EU …