This paper reports on tests, using panel methods, of a new capital augmentation model on Spanish savings banks over the period 1987-1996. It is argued that this banking subsector and time frame provide an interesting laboratory of the potential impact of regulation on bank capital augmentation....

<title/> This article outlines the nature, causes and extent of financial exclusion in Europe and discusses policy/industry responses to tackling it. Policy response has been ad hoc and country specific. Policy-making by the EC has been disappointing; national solutions are preferred to US-style...