discrimination. The common view is that the standard CT can identify what is typically defined as discrimination in a legal sense … - what we label total discrimination in the current study -, although it cannot separate between preferences and statistical … discrimination. However, Heckman and Siegelman (1993) convincingly show that audit and correspondence studies can obtain biased …

Correspondence studies can identify the extent of discrimination in hiring as typically defined by the law, which … includes discrimination against ethnic minorities and females. However, as Heckman and Siegelman (1993) show, if employers act … upon a group difference in the variance of unobserved variables, this measure of discrimination may not be very informative …

gender differences in either labor demand (i.e. discrimination) or labor supply. In this study, we investigate the importance … decline is steeper for women than for men. These results indicate that age discrimination is a widespread phenomenon affecting … discrimination against women on average, but the gender effect is heterogeneous across occupations and firms. Women have a higher …

This paper contributes to the existing literature on ethnic discrimination of immigrants in hiring by addressing the … remaining 23 per cent. This in turn, suggests a lower bound for statistical discrimination of approximately 23 per cent of total … discrimination. The analysis indicates further that the 77 per cent are most likely driven by a mixture of preference-based and …