Development in generative artificial intelligence chatbots like ChatGPT forces search engine providers to move from search to answer engines. Unlike search engines that provide search results of content creators via blue links, answer engines generate personalised answers through a conversation...

Some countries have called for several years for international cooperation in digital markets. Yet the declarations are political without concrete policy proposals on how to achieve cooperation. International cooperation is vital to ensure a common approach that minimizes compliance and...

The co-legislators adopted the Digital Markets Act (DMA) in July 2022. The text is landmark legislation that imposes a list of ex-ante obligations and interdictions on large online platforms acting as “gatekeepers” in some core platform services (CPS). Yet, the DMA also imposes an obligation...

To regulate or not to regulate is not anymore a Shakespearian issue. The digital economy must be regulated. The question is now about how to regulate it to promote an efficient and fair competition. This paper is the section 4 of my chapter 3 of my PhD thesis “Competition Law and economics of...

This thesis addresses Big Data issues in competition law in three chapters. Chapter one proposes new economic tools to define the relevant market and the market power in the data-driven economy. It argues the need to reform the relevant market and the market power by considering new tools and a...

The European Commission (hereinafter “the Commission”) recently released two Inception Impact Assessments (IIA) and public consultations on a possible new competition tool and a possible ex-ante regulation of large online platforms (so-called “gatekeepers”). After the publication of many...

In Europe, the European Commission (the Commission) unveiled in December 2020 the Digital Markets Act (DMA). It aims at "ensuring fair and open digital markets" by applying an ex-ante asymmetric regulation against large online platforms acting as "gatekeepers" in core platforms services with a...