The digital economy is at the forefront of the agenda of decisionmakers worldwide following several expert reports on competition in digital markets, underscoring competition issues. The question shifts then from why to how to adapt competition to the digital economy. Digital competition and...

The December 2020 Commission's proposal for a Digital Markets Act (DMA) reached a compromised text with the Council and the Parliament on March 24, 2022. While the text that will impose obligations and prohibition rules on large online platforms acting as "gatekeepers" before any wrongdoing...

Antitrust cases related to privacy are on the agenda of many competition authorities worldwide, including Europe, the United States, the United Kingdom (the UK), India, Turkey, Germany, and France. Antitrust and privacy is thus "one of the big topics of the year," as stated by the former...

In Europe, the European Commission (the Commission) unveiled in December 2020 the Digital Markets Act (DMA). It aims at "ensuring fair and open digital markets" by applying an ex-ante asymmetric regulation against large online platforms acting as "gatekeepers" in core platforms services with a...

Privacy in competition cases is becoming common due to the importance of data. The literature thus focuses on the role of data and privacy in antitrust and merger control laws. Yet, the literature does not offer an empirical overview of the cases to understand how countries investigate the...

Some countries have called for several years for international cooperation in digital markets. Yet the declarations are political without concrete policy proposals on how to achieve cooperation. International cooperation is vital to ensure a common approach that minimizes compliance and...

The co-legislators adopted the Digital Markets Act (DMA) in July 2022. The text is landmark legislation that imposes a list of ex-ante obligations and interdictions on large online platforms acting as “gatekeepers” in some core platform services (CPS). Yet, the DMA also imposes an obligation...

To regulate or not to regulate is not anymore a Shakespearian issue. The digital economy must be regulated. The question is now about how to regulate it to promote an efficient and fair competition. This paper is the section 4 of my chapter 3 of my PhD thesis “Competition Law and economics of...