Regulation in Europe has rested heavily on the historic monopolist asymmetrically providing its competitors with access … to its own copper local loop. When the regulation of fibre loops was contemplated, the European Commission initially … proposed in 2008 that Next Generation Access (NGA) regulation should rely on good access to passive infrastructure, in order to …

royalties. The experience of telecommunications regulation in the United States, from the AT&T divestiture in the early 1980s to …