Recent advances in telecommunications, particularly using fibre technologies, permit many services based on data-processing to be performed anywhere in the world. They thus become tradable and subject to the laws of comparative advantage. A good example is data-processing within large...

Regulation in Europe has rested heavily on the historic monopolist asymmetrically providing its competitors with access to its own copper local loop. When the regulation of fibre loops was contemplated, the European Commission initially proposed in 2008 that Next Generation Access (NGA)...