) in France, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States in the very long run (since 1890) and in the medium run (since … productivity in the United Kingdom relative to the United States, and to a lesser extent also relative to France and Japan until … the second world war (WW2), and its subsequent come-back; (iii) the remarkable catching-up of the United States by France …

higher in France than in the United States, and noticeably lower in the United Kingdom (by roughly 10%) and even lower in … Japan (30%), while TFP levels are very close in France, the United Kingdom and the United States, but much lower (40%) in … to France and Japan, a relative decline that was interrupted by the second world war (WW2); (iii) the remarkable catching …