We give two new approaches to testing conditional exogeneity. This condition ensures unconfoundedness and identification of structural effects. Our approaches permit the presence of treatment effects under the null, thereby complementing methods of Rosenbaum (1987) and Heckman and Hotz (1989).

We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for effect identification, thereby characterizing the limits to identification. Our results link the nonstructural potential outcome framework for identifying and estimating treatment effects to structural approaches in economics. This permits...

We study the scope of local indirect least squares (LILS) methods for nonparametrically estimating average marginal effects of an endogenous cause X on a response Y in triangular structural systems that need not exhibit linearity, separability, or monotonicity in scalar unobservables. One main...

We examine how structural systems can yield observed variables instrumental in identifying and estimating causal effects. We provide an exhaustive characterization of potentially identifying conditional exogeneity relationships and demonstrate how structural relations determine exogeneity and...

Notions of cause and effect are fundamental to economic explanation. Despite the immediate intuitive content of price effects, income effects, and the like, rigorous foundations justifying well-posed discussions of cause and effect in the wide range of settings relevant to economics are still...

Notions of cause and effect are fundamental to economic explanation. Although concepts such as price effects are intuitive, rigorous foundations justifying causal discourse in the wide range of economic settings remain lacking. We illustrate this deficiency using an N-bidder private-value...

This paper demonstrates the extensive scope of an alternative to standardinstrumental variables methods, namely covariate-based methods, for identifying and es-timating effects of interest in general structural systems. As we show, commonly usedeconometric methods, speci…cally parametric,...

We give two new approaches to testing a conditional form of exogeneity. This conditionensures unconfoundedness and identication of eects of interest in structural systems. Asthese approaches do not rely on the absence of causal eects of treatment under the null,they complement earlier methods of...

We provide nonparametric estimators of derivative ratio-based average marginal effects of an endogenous cause, X, on a response of interest, Y , for a system of recursive structural equations. The system need not exhibit linearity, separability, or monotonicity. Our estimators are local indirect...

We give two new approaches to testing a conditional form of exogeneity. This condition ensures unconfoundedness and identification of effects of interest in structural systems. As these approaches do not rely on the absence of causal effects of treatment under the null, they complement earlier...