Several contingent valuation studies have found that the open-ended format yields lower estimates of willingness to pay (WTP) than does the closed-ended, or dichotomous choice, format. In this study, WTP for a public environmental good was estimated under four conditions: actual payment in...

The charter forest experiment at the Valles Caldera National Preserve (VCNP) in New Mexico provides land managers, policymakers, and researchers a unique opportunity to examine an alternative public land management institution. The VCNP mature bull elk permit lottery has been the largest...