The pricing of American options has been widely acknowledged as “a much more intriguing” problem in financial engineering. In this paper, a “convergency-proved” IFE (inverse finite element) approach is introduced to the field of financial engineering to price American options for the...

In this paper, two analytic solutions for the valuation of European-style Parisian and Parasian options under the Black–Scholes framework are, respectively, presented. A key feature of our solution procedure is the reduction of a three-dimensional problem to a two-dimensional problem through a...